For the record, this is purely for educational purposes. There are roughly 0 other benefits to creating and using your own arrays in JavaScript.

When you're first learning anything new, it's hard to see the bigger picture. Generally your focus is on how to use the thing rather than how the thing works. Take a car for example. When you first start driving, you're not worried about how the engine works. Instead, you're just trying not to crash and die.

When you first started out with JavaScript, odds are one of the first data structures you learned was an array. Your concern was most likely memorizing the array API and how you'd use it, not how it actually works. Since that day, have you ever taken a step back and really thought about how arrays work? Probably not, and that's fine. But today all of that is going to change. The goal here is to take the knowledge and patterns you've learned in this course and to use them to re-create a small portion of the JavaScript array API.

Here's the end result we're going for.

const friends = array('Jordyn', 'Mikenzi')


friends.push('Joshy') // 3
friends.push('Jake') // 4


friends.pop() // Jake


friends.filter((friend) =>
  friend.charAt(0) !== 'J'
) // ['Mikenzi']


console.log(friends) /*
  {
    0: 'Jordyn',
    1: 'Mikenzi',
    2: 'Joshy',
    length: 3,
    push: fn,
    pop: fn,
    filter: fn
  }
*/

We first need to think about what an Array in JavaScript actually is. The good news is we don't need to think too hard since we can use JavaScript's typeof operator.

const arr = []
typeof arr // "object"

Turns out an array was really just an object all along 🌈. An array is just an object with numerical keys and a length property that's managed automatically for you. Instead of manually adding or removing values from the object, you do it via the array API, .push, .pop, etc. This becomes even more clear when you look at how you use bracket notation on both objects and arrays to access values.

const friendsArray = ['Jake', 'Jordyn', 'Mikenzi']
const friendsObj = {0: 'Jake', 1: 'Jordyn', 2: 'Mikenzi'}


friendsArray[1] // Jordyn
friendsObj[1] // Jordyn

It's a little weird to have an object with numerical keys (since that's literally what an array is for), but it paints a good picture that arrays really are just fancy objects. With this in mind, we can take the first step for creating our array function. array needs to return an object with a length property that delegates to array.prototype (since that's where we'll be putting all the methods). As we've done in previous sections, we can use Object.create for this.

function array () {
  let arr = Object.create(array.prototype)
  arr.length = 0


  return arr
}

That's a good start. Since we're using Object.create to delegate failed lookups to array.prototype, we can now add any methods we want shared across all instances to array.prototype. If that's still a little fuzzy, read A Beginner's Guide to JavaScript's Prototype.

Now before we move onto the methods, we first need to have our array function accept n amount of arguments and add those as numerical properties onto the object. We could use JavaScript's spread operator to turn arguments into an array, but that feels like cheating since we're pretending we're re-creating arrays. Instead, we'll use a trusty for in loop to loop over arguments and add the keys/values to our array and increment length.

function array () {
  let arr = Object.create(array.prototype)
  arr.length = 0


  for (key in arguments) {
    arr[key] = arguments[key]
    arr.length += 1
  }


  return arr
}


const friends = array('Jake', 'Mikenzi', 'Jordyn')
friends[0] // Jake
friends[2] // Jordyn
friends.length // 3

So far, so good. We have the foundation for our array function.

Now as we saw above, we're going to implement three different methods, push, pop, and filter. Since we want all the methods to be shared across all instances of array, we're going to put them on array.prototype.

array.prototype.push = function () {


}


array.prototype.pop = function () {


}


array.prototype.filter = function () {


}

Now let's implement push. You already know what .push does, but how can we go about implementing it. First, we need to figure out a way to operate on whatever instance invokes push. This is where the this keyword will come into play. Inside of any of our methods, this is going to reference the instance which called the specific method.

...


array.prototype.push = function () {
  console.log(this)
}


const friends = array('Jake', 'Jordyn', 'Mikenzi')


friends.push() // {0: "Jake", 1: "Jordyn", 2: "Mikenzi", length: 3}

Now that we know we can use the this keyword, we can start implementing .push. There are three things .push needs to do. First, it needs to add an element to our object at this.length, then it needs to increment this.length by one, and finally, it needs to return the new length of the "array".

array.prototype.push = function (element) {
  this[this.length] = element
  this.length++
  return this.length
}

Next, is .pop. .pop needs to do three things as well. First it needs to remove the "last" element, or the element at this.length - 1. Then it needs to decrement this.length by one. Lastly, it needs to return the element that was removed.

array.prototype.pop = function () {
  this.length--
  const elementToRemove = this[this.length]
  delete this[this.length]
  return elementToRemove
}

Our last method we're going to implement is .filter. .filter creates a new array after filtering out elements that don't pass a test specified by a given function. Like we saw earlier, we can iterate over every key/value pair in the "array" by using a for in loop. Then for each key/value pair in the "array", we'll call the callback function that was passed in as the first argument. If the result of that invocation is truthy, we'll push that into a new "array" which we'll then return after we've iterated over the entire "array" instance.

array.prototype.filter = function (cb) {
  let result = array()


  for (let index in this) {
    // Avoid prototype methods
    if (this.hasOwnProperty(index)) {
      const element = this[index]


      if (cb(element, index)) {
        result.push(element)
      }
    }
  }


  return result
}

At first glance, our implementation of .filter above looks like it should work. Spoiler alert, it doesn't. Can you think of why it doesn't? Here's a hint - it has nothing to do with .filter. Our code for .filter is actually correct, it's our array constructor function that is where the issue is. We can see the bug more clearly if we step through a use case for our .filter function.

const friends = array('Jake', 'Jordyn', 'Mikenzi')


friends.filter((friend) => friend.charAt(0) !== 'J')


/* Breakdown of Iterations*/


1) friend is "Jake". The callback returns false
2) friend is "Jordyn". The callback returns false
3) friend is "Mikenzi". The callback returns true
4) friend is "length". The callback throws an error

Ah. We're using a for in loop which by design loops over all enumerable properties of the object. In our array function we just set length by doing this.length = 0. That means length is an enumerable property and, as we saw above, will show up in for in loops. You may have never seen this before, but the Object class has a static method on it called defineProperty which allows you to add a property on an object and specify if that property should be enumerable or not. Let's modify our array function to use it so we can set length to not be enumerable.

function array () {
  let arr = Object.create(array.prototype)


  Object.defineProperty(arr, 'length', {
    value: 0,
    enumerable: false,
    writable: true,
  })


  for (key in arguments) {
    arr[key] = arguments[key]
    arr.length += 1
  }


  return arr
}

Perfect.

Here is all of our code all together, including our example use cases from the beginning of the article.

function array () {
  let arr = Object.create(array.prototype)


  Object.defineProperty(arr, 'length', {
    value: 0,
    enumerable: false,
    writable: true,
  })


  for (key in arguments) {
    arr[key] = arguments[key]
    arr.length += 1
  }


  return arr
}


array.prototype.push = function (element) {
  this[this.length] = element
  this.length++
  return this.length
}


array.prototype.pop = function () {
  this.length--
  const elementToRemove = this[this.length]
  delete this[this.length]
  return elementToRemove
}


array.prototype.filter = function (cb) {
  let result = array()


  for (let index in this) {
    if (this.hasOwnProperty(index)) {
      const element = this[index]


      if (cb(element, index)) {
        result.push(element)
      }
    }
  }


  return result
}


let friends = array('Jordyn', 'Mikenzi')


friends.push('Joshy') // 3
friends.push('Jake') // 4


friends.pop() // Jake


friends.filter((friend) =>
  friend.charAt(0) !== 'J'
) // { 0: "Mikenzi", length: 1 }

Nice work! Even though this exercise doesn't have any practical value, I hope it's helped you understand a little bit more about the JavaScript language.